Important Thinkers of Management Their Contribution

Introduction amp; trends in HR 1-â€Å"The point is that these differences demand attention so that each person can maximize his or her potential, so that organizations can maximize their effectiveness and so that the society as a whole can make the wisest use of its human resources† (Cascio). 7-S framework created by McKinsey amp; Company distinguishes seven components in a company’s architecture: strategy, structure, systems, staff, style, skills and shared values. PF Drucker had remarked that â€Å"man, of all the resources available to man, can grow and develop purpose of human resource management is to improve the contribution made by people to organizations, (Davis) through effective and efficient use of resources HRM is,†¦show more content†¦Putnam and Diana McLain Smith, advocates an approach to research focusing on knowledge generation and practical problem solving. His main research explored the impact of formal organizational structures, control systems and management on the individual as well as his/her responses. INDIAN MANAGEMENT GURUS -Prahalad, Vijay Govindarajan, Ram Charan and Rakesh Khurana have made it to the Thinkers 50 rankings released in London on Thursday by Suntop Media in association with the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD). While the previous ranking in 2003 had only two Indians-Sumantra Ghoshal (no. 11) and Prahalad (no. 12)-this years ranking has four. Besides Prahalad, the other three have made it to the list for the first time (Ghoshal died in 2004). These include CEO coach and business advisor Ram Charan (no. 24), Tuck Business School professor Vijay Govindarajan (no. 30) and Harvard Business School professor Rakesh Khurana (no. 33), who Dearlove and Crainer describe as a rising star. While acknowledging the presence of so many Indians in the list, the duo said, (The rankings) would also have included London Business Schools Sumantra Ghoshal, who tragically died in 2004. They go on to add, As yet, no Chinese guru has emerged. Peter F Drucker, the father ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Four Functions of Management846 Words   |  4 PagesFunctions of Management: Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling Abstract Managers tend to have one of two basic problem-solving styles: systematic or intuitive. Systematic thinkers are logical and rational. They prefer narrow and focused problems, step by step processes, rules to be followed, and computer programs that grind to a recommendation. Intuitive thinkers are more comfortable with solutions that just came to them. 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Death Penalty the Christian View Free Essays

string(61) " than the good which may be expected from their improvement\." In almost every society, there are crimes and violations of human rights. To deal with these things, there are laws that prescribe the prevention of their occurrences. However, if the law is broken, commensurate punishment is put on the violator. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty: the Christian View or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on the seriousness of the crime, the punishment may be light such as imprisonment for up to one year with corresponding fines, or it could also be severe as death penalty. Capital punishment or death penalty is usually imposed on persons who committed heinous crimes and are those that endanger the safety of the society. Some countries and societies implement capital punishment while others do not. There are various reasons for this policy of countries, including the social view on the death penalty and the prevailing religious view in the society among others. One of the foremost arguments for the imposition of death penalty is that it acts as a deterrent for heinous crimes. Most societies throughout history have used capital punishment. Governments have also used this extensively to execute persons that do not conform to the laws and standards of conduct in the society. Throughout history, capital punishment was also used to suppress political dissent and to preserve the prevailing order in the society. Nowadays, the death penalty is being imposed on capital crimes such as treason against the state, espionage, and murder. In other countries, crimes that are of sexual nature such as rape, sodomy, and adultery are also punishable by death. Human trafficking, plunder and corruption, as well as drug trafficking are also punishable by death in other countries. The foremost reason being given for the imposition of capital punishment is its power to deter crimes. The argument says that if heinous crimes are punishable by death, would-be perpetrators of such crimes would protect their lives and they will not commit heinous crimes. On the part of the victims of such crimes, they also receive justice and redress for the injury through the capital punishment. On the other hand, capital punishment is a lot less expensive than life imprisonment (Paternoster, 1991). There are a lot of debates surrounding the imposition of capital punishment. Almost all countries in Europe, as well as in the Pacific area, and Latin America have abolished capital punishment in the name of respecting and protecting human rights. There are still a large number of countries that retained it, however. The United States Federal government with 36 States has retained it. Brazil imposes capital punishment only during wartime while countries in Asia and Africa also retained it. Notably, South Africa does not have capital punishment in spite of the high incidence of violent crimes such as murder and rape. South Korea no longer imposes capital punishment, as well as Uzbekistan, because it was not being used for a long time. A number of individuals, organizations, and human rights advocates object to the imposition of capital punishment. The questions they raise concern the effectiveness of capital punishment in deterring crimes. Moreover, there is always the possibility that the innocent person will be sentenced to death. Once the penalty is imposed, it can no longer be undone even if a separate investigation will render the accused as innocent from the crimes. There are also a number of instances in which minority groups are discriminated against in imposing capital punishment. Minority groups usually have lesser access to the best lawyers. As such, they run the greater risk of being proclaimed guilty for the crimes for which they are accused. With capital punishment, once death penalty is imposed, it is final. The person will have no chance to reform his ways or redeem his actions. He has been condemned by the courts to be forever separated from the rest of the society. In the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations in 2007, the UN passed a resolution calling for the universal ban on capital punishment. This resolution asked the member-states of the UN to impose a moratorium on imposing the death penalty with the eventual plan of abolishing capital punishment. This resolution was made in recognition of the human rights of accused criminals and the possibility of redemption and change. Various religions also have varied responses to capital punishment. Even a particular denomination or religious group may not have a unified stand regarding capital punishment. Religious sentiments do play a significant part in the views of people regarding capital punishment. The Bible is replete with various passages that may seem to support or condemn capital punishment. The Old Testament, particularly, is based upon a morality of â€Å"teeth against teeth† and â€Å"life for life. † The books of laws of the Old Testament actually prescribe stoning to death the persons who commit serious crimes against God and against the community. A number of biblical scholars have considered the part of the Ten Commandments that say â€Å"You shall not kill† as a prohibition against individual cases of murder (The Ryrie Study Bible, Exodus 20:13). In the first place, the Christian faith believes that humans are created in the image of God. As such, a serious crime against another person is also a crime against God. In the Old Testament, premeditated murder was sufficient reason for the death penalty (Numbers 35:31, 33). Moreover, in Genesis 9:6, it can be read that â€Å"whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed†. St. Thomas Aquinas also published his thoughts regarding capital punishment. He said that â€Å"the civil rulers execute, justly and sinlessly, pestiferous men in order to protect the peace of the state† (Summa Contra Gentiles, III, 146). Furthermore, St. Thomas Aquinas talked about the need to impose death penalty on the crime doers. â€Å"The fact that the evil, as long as they live, can be corrected from their errors does not prohibit the fact that they may be justly executed, for the danger which threatens from their way of life is greater and more certain than the good which may be expected from their improvement. You read "Death Penalty: the Christian View" in category "Essay examples" They also have at that critical point of death the opportunity to be converted to God through repentance. And if they are so stubborn that even at the point of death their heart does not draw back from evil, it is possible to make a highly probable judgment that they would never come away from evil to the right use of their powers† (St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, Book III, 146). The sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross is at the centerpiece of Christianity. Without such sacrifice, there would be no Christian faith. Such sacrifice is also a form of capital punishment in the sense that he bore the sins of the whole world. Such sin therefore requires the death penalty and Christ willingly went to the Cross to satisfy the requirements of a just and loving God for the remission of sins. Although the Old Testament has a number of provisions for death penalty, the New Testament appears to emphasize the love of God. This has been seized by anti-capital punishment advocates in moving towards the abolition of capital punishment. John 8:7 (NIV) of the Bible, which reads, â€Å"But Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger. When they kept on questioning him, he straightened up and said to them; â€Å"If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her. † is being taken as a passage supporting the abolition of capital punishment. In this regard, the sixth commandment is also being preached in a lot of churches as a prohibition against capital punishment. Several Christians also point to the love and grace of God as reason why capital punishment should not be instituted. Following this line of argument, it means that criminals are being given the maximum time for the possibility of repentance and redemption. With God’s grace and love, even criminals may still get a chance to reform their ways. Christian groups have diverse opinions and individual Christians do have the choice for their own preference and view apart from the official stand of their churches. Historically, the Roman Catholic Church accepted capital punishment based on the theology and views of St. Thomas Aquinas. The reason behind this is the way in which death penalty can deter and prevent crime. It is not a means for revenge. However, during the time of Pope John Paul II, the Roman Catholic Church revised this position. This position was defined by Pope John Paul II through the encyclical he released entitled Evangelium Vitae. As a result of this, the Roman Catholic Church now believes that capital punishment is not the best way to deal with crimes. Rather, capital punishment should be avoided except in cases where it is the only means available to defend the society from the criminal or offender. Given the present situation of penal systems, such need for execution is virtually non-existent. According to the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church, â€Å"Assuming that the guilty party’s identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, nonlethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person. Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm – without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself – the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity are very rare, if not practically nonexistent† (Catechism of the Catholic Church, no. 2267). Given this position, the Roman Catholic Church has affirmed the sanctity of life through this position. Such position aims to affirm the dignity and rights of a person even if he has committed some crimes. The position promoted and adopted by the Roman Catholic Church through Pope John Paul II is a revolutionary one and it is in keeping with the prevailing views in the world today regarding the abolition of death penalty. Depending on the stand of the churches, more liberal groups tend to be abolitionist, meaning they want to abolish death penalty. The more conservative denominations of Christianity tend to support the imposition of death penalty. Protestant Christian Churches also have their official stand regarding capital punishment. The Anglican and Episcopalian churches has opted a policy that condemns death penalty in 1988 through the Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopal bishops. The United Methodist Church, as well as other Methodist churches all over the world has taken the position against capital punishment. The church says that it cannot support capital punishment on the basis of social vengeance and retribution. More importantly, capital punishment tends to be imposed more frequently to marginalized sectors of the society such as the uneducated, ethnic and racial minorities, the poor, and the disenfranchised. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church, which meets once in every four years, asked its bishops to oppose capital punishment and advocate for governments to impose a moratorium on the implementation of death penalty (United Methodist Church website, 2007). The Lutheran Church in America also opposes the death penalty. Such decision was made in 1991 through a social policy statement that the church released. The policy stated that vengeance is the main reason for the imposition of capital punishment. Furthermore, the Church believes that repentance, forgiveness, and redemption are necessary for true healing to be accomplished (ELCA, 2007). With this policy, the Lutheran Church joins the throng of Christian churches that support the abolition of death penalty. Given these stands of various churches, most denominations appear to support the abolitionist position. The interpretation of these churches of the Christian faith is one in which God’s love and mercy takes precedence over the imposition of punishment on the erring party. There are still churches within the Lutheran tradition that supports death penalty. They cite the stand of Martin Luther regarding death penalty and the way that this represents the justice of God. This also means that churches are now more and more in sync with the ideas and movements of other cause-oriented groups in the society. As time moves on, the views of Christian churches are also changing. There is almost a universal consensus regarding the importance of abolishing death penalty. For Christians, however, there are important issues at stake. This also concerns the emphasis on God’s justice, or God’s love. This also has an implication on the advocacies and ministries of Christian Churches. Traditionally, Christianity has emphasized the justice and the holiness of God and the way in which humans fall short of this. Moreover, justice means equality for all and that people get what they deserve. Given this framework of understanding, capital punishment is necessary. In recent years, however, there has been an emphasis on God’s love and grace. This means that the churches have redefined their role to dispense grace and promote forgiveness, healing, and reconciliation. This does not sit well, however, for the advocates of capital punishment. Because the major denominations such as the Roman Catholic Church, the United Methodist Church, and the Lutheran church have worldwide presence, this means that the abolitionist perspective has a better chance to be propagated all over the world. In this regard, the Christian church is working hand in hand with the United Nations, Amnesty International, and other human rights groups in promoting the dignity of humans. If the advocacy of rights groups and the churches succeed, this means that more and more countries might forego the capital punishment in the coming years. The effects of this on the incidence of crime and the social and governance policy of governments all over the world remain to be seen. How to cite Death Penalty: the Christian View, Essay examples

Causes of the Civil War free essay sample

An examination on the complexity of causes of the American Civil War. This paper explores the issues and conflicts that lead to the American Civil War pitting the South against the North. The paper states that the war was caused by a myriad of conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events It is commonly believed that the Civil War was caused by slavery. The belief goes something like this: the evil Southerners wanted to enslave black people, while the righteous Northerners wanted to free them and give them equal rights, so they went to war over it and the north won. The truth is far more complicated than all that. Certainly the South wanted to protect its right to own slaves, though contrary to popular opinion, not all slaves were black, and in certain areas a majority of slaves were either Irish or Indian. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of the Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The North, meanwhile, generally didnt care whether or not slavery was ended, and was primarily concerned with the Souths ability to generate revenue, and keep the national economy going without either seceding or becoming sufficiently powerful to have significant political input.

Bus 409 Compensation Management free essay sample

This paper will examine setting the stage for strategic compensation and bases for pay. There are three main goals of compensation departments: internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions. Internally consistent compensation systems define the relative value of each job among all jobs within a company. (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011) With this system companies want employees to be paid more based on their qualifications and responsibilities. They believe someone with less experience should be paid differently. To determine such evaluation companies use job analysis in order to provide job descriptions. The job evaluation is to determine pay according to a particular position. Market-competitive pay systems attract and retain the most qualified employees. (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011) By obtaining a strategic analysis and compensation surveys companies can determine who is most beneficial to the company based on the results. Strategic analysis examines long term growth and outlines the company’s profile to keep them in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 409 Compensation Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Compensation surveys are collected and reviewed to determine different pay and which benefit packages are best needed. Compensation surveys are important because they enable compensation professionals to obtain realistic views of competitors’ pay practices. (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011) Finally, recognizing individual contributions determines pay structures, pay grades, and pay ranges. The pay structures focuses on the difference in an employees’ contribution to company. With this structure it helps the company determine which employee has greater knowledge of the job their performing which leads to better pay. Companies with similar job groups use pay grades to determine compensation. Pay ranges start at the bottom and reach the maximum allowed depending on the job. The contextual influence that may pose the greatest challenge to companies’ competiveness is the government. The government has laws and executive orders put into place for employees who work within: military service, executive agencies, postal service, and library of congress, judicial and legislative branches. With laws into place, government employees are not a part of any group or provided representation, they must adhere to what is outlined for them to promote equal employment The contextual influence that may pose the least challenge to companies’ competiveness is labor unions. Many who work for a company with a union tend to join to seek additional job protection. Union leaders discuss important issues among employees such as, benefits, rights, job security, pay, and any other job related concerns. Unions determine goals, strategies, and implement policies and procedures in order to excel in performance. The main purpose of unions and management is to make sure they both focus on what’s important, which includes any upcoming issues from employees, new technology, and making sure they continue to stay competitive. Subjective performance evaluations might be more feasible than objective ratings based on errors of central tendency. Employers rate all employees on the same average. Such errors are most often committed when raters are forced to justify only extreme behavior with written explanations. (Martocchio, pg. 73, 2011) Many employers need different tools in order to complete a more detail evaluation, and the only times issues are addressed is when a problem occurs. Profit sharing plans pay a portion of company profits to employees, separate from base pay, cost-of-living adjustments, or permanent merit pay increases. Martocchio, pg. 96, 2011) The current profit sharing plan may not motivate employees even though, the plan provides cash to employees as part of their regular pay, and money received is taxed higher by the IRS. Some employees rely on the extra income every couple of months to help with expenses, but because of the high taxes attached to the income depending on what the actual amount would be may not be worth it at all. The purpose of most profit plans provides more financial flexibility to the company. Profit sharing plans may fail to motivate employees because they do not see a direct link between their efforts and corporate profits. Hourly employees may have trouble seeing the connection because their efforts appear to be several steps removed from the company’s performance, and because company profits vary from year to year, employees’ receive their earnings based off company profits. Employees will find it difficult to predict their earnings, which will affect their saving and buying behavior. Martocchio, pg. 97, 2011) Pay-for-knowledge plans reward managerial, service, or professional workers for successfully learning specific curricula. This program awards employees for the range, depth, and types of skills or knowledge they are capable of applying productively to their jobs. (Martocchio, pg. 104, 2011) Based on the pay-for-knowledge pay concepts, the three jobs for which this basis for pay is inappropriate are: bus drivers, cashiers, and janitorial services. Bus drivers are all paid around the same pay scale and the compensation may differ depending on how much experience they may have. There is no reward plan for this job mainly because they usually have the same route everyday and there is no training needed besides basic certification and obtaining the appropriate license. Cashiers are paid based of experience, and only receives raises determined by the company annually. Before they are hired the rate of pay is already set and no additional rewards are granted unless the company has a company- wide contest and all employees become involved. Janitors would also not fall into the category pay-for-knowledge because most companies group this position within a certain pay rage. Regardless, of the experience one may have there are not any additional rewards given out to janitors. Once hired, they follow a certain protocol in making sure they have taken care of the area assigned to them and there is no training provided for this position.

Passchendaele Part 2 Essay

Passchendaele Part 2 Essay Passchendaele Part 2 Essay Kyle Kamp Mrs. Rattray E.L.A. A30 May. 3rd, 2015 Passchendaele In 2008 Paul Gross, actor and director released the move called Passchendaele. Passchendaele illustrated the Battle of Passchendaele, or the 3rd battle of Ypres, the 1917 engagement on the Western front where Canada suffered extreme casualties, but distinguished itself as a daunting foe against the German army. The movie was released to the public on October 17th, 2008 and was the most expensive movie ever made in Canada to date. The cost was over $20 million, versus the regular movie budget of $7-8 million. The cost may have been high, but the movie also became the highest grossing Canadian film that year. As the 100th anniversary of the First World War approaches, war history will gain more attention and many Canadians will look to various sources such as Passchendaele to both entertain and educate. I have always believed that historical films have a role to play in educating society, and that any genre that promotes history and encourages people to learn more about their own past should be encouraged. Others, however, fear that a fictional work that claims to be â€Å"historical† can potentially mislead the public, blurring the many critical facts painstakingly unearthed by professional historians. . Given my limited knowledge of war history, Passchendaele was an interesting movie to study. It gave me a chance to test my assumptions, giving me an opportunity to answer some crucial questions about the use of historical fiction such as films. First, is Passchendaele historically accurate, and if inaccuracies do occur, are they significant enough to mislead the public? Moreover, can historical films like Passchendaele play the educational role that I believe they can? If not, then how can this genre, one that has the potential to reach so many people, be improved? Passchendaele was not the first movie to depict the Great War; Other films have attempted documentary-style adaptations, but none of them have even came close to the success that Passchendaele had. The film was based on protagonist Sergeant Michael Dunne. In the opening scene, the viewers see Paul Gross playing as Michael Dunne in a skirmish following Vimy in 1917, where he brutally murders a young German soldier after a tragic battle scene in which only Dunne survives. Dunne suffers shell shock from the battle and he is then shipped back home to Canada where he falls in love with nurse Sarah Mann. We also meet Sarah’s young brother, David, who has been denied admission to the army because of his asthma. While in Canada, both siblings endure enormous amounts of prejudice because of their German heritage. David eventually manages to enlist, and Michael follows him back to the Front as a promise to Sarah. There, Michael is killed while trying to save David, who is wounded and re turns home. As I watched the story unfold, two important historical themes emerged. First, the aggressive and arguably brutal tactics used by Canadian soldiers was contrasted with the more compassionate German tactics on the battlefield and the film dealt with the stigmatization of men who were unable to enlist in the Canadian military. As I expected, the battle scenes in Passchendaele bore a striking resemblance to the renowned American war movie Saving Private Ryan, a milestone of work to its portrayal of violence in war films. In Passchendaele, viewers are immediately overwhelmed with brutal war scenes and bloodshed. Particularly striking is an early scene in which a young German soldier pleads with Dunne to spare his life, murmuring the words â€Å"Kamerad.† Dunne kills the boy anyway, later confessing that he was neither scared nor in danger, and that he still cannot understand his actions. Later, when occupying a trench with young David Mann, Dunne confesses that for Canadian soldiers, often referred to as relentless â€Å"storm troopers," â€Å"[killing is] something we do all the time because we’re good at it and we’re good at it

George Washington's Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

George Washington's Leadership - Essay Example extended to matters of communication with his troops and this enabled them have a competitive edge over the Indians and even protected the citizens from these frequent attacks. His extreme courage was immensely seen in the battle ground where he was not afraid to expose himself to the danger of even bullets. There is even one occasion where he was shot at four times during the war but this did not deter him from continuing to fight for his country. This courage extended to his troop and they therefore fought relentlessly and obeyed his orders without doubt. Even after his men were terribly killed and in large numbers at Valley Forge in 1777 and some died from diseases, this defeat and setback did not dishearten his military career or leadership but he continued to fight with renewed courage and determination. This showcased not only a tough man but a persistent one as well who would stop at nothing to see his country liberated (Goldfield, et al 215). His toughness also portrayed when it came to protecting his army without fear or favor and this made him the best military commander and commander in chief even after he became the president. Goldfield, David, Carl Abbot, Virginia Anderson, Jo Ann Argersinger, Peter Argersinger and William Barney. The American Journey: A History of the United States. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited, 2011.

European Trade Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Trade Policy - Essay Example Art. 113 lists a number of measures included in the CCP: tariff rates, conclusion of tariff and trade agreements, uniformity in measures of liberation, export policy and measures to protect trade. Art. 113 is not exclusive, just a list of examples. The EU has interpreted that the CCP "includes the same elements as the external trade policy of a state", meaning that the CCP may include trade regulation, as well as trade liberalization measures and defensive measures against unfair commercial practices. As examples of defensive measures we can mention Anti-dumping Regulation, Illicit Practices Regulation and Counterfeit Regulation. EU's Common Commercial Policy covers all the main measures affecting trade in goods and services and almost all trade-related issues, Trade-related areas partially covered by the common trade policy include: company law, indirect taxation, standards and other technical regulations, and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The Community policy on imports is determined in the following way: "imports into the Community are free from quantitative restrictions but only where more restrictive rules are not applicable". Restrictive rules apply for textiles and agricultural products. (Aarkog, 2005) B. In December 2005, the EU Commission announced that it would be phasing-out all export subsidies currentyl granted to exporters in the European Union. Critically discuss the likely implications for EU exports of the phasing-out of export subsidies. 60% World Trade Organization (WTO) members, which includes the European Union, are engaged in trade negotiations referred to as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The main aim of the negotiations is to minimize barriers to internal trade in agriculture, manufactured... On the basis of Article 133 of the European Community (EC) Treaty, the European Commission negotiates on behalf of the Member States in consultation with a special committee- the so-called "133 Committee". The 133 Committee is composed of representatives from the 25 Member States and the European Commission. Its main function is to coordinate the trade policy of the EU. The 133 Committee discusses the full range of trade policy issues affecting the EU, from the strategic issues surrounding the launch of rounds of trade negotiations at the WTO to specific difficulties with the export of individual products, such as textiles, and considers the trade aspects of wider EU policies in order to ensure consistency of policy. In this Committee, the European Commission secures endorsement of the Member States on all trade policy issues. The major formal decisions (for example agreement to launch or conclude negotiations) are then confirmed by the Council of the European Union. World Trade Organization (WTO) members, which includes the European Union, are engaged in trade negotiations referred to as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The main aim of the negotiations is to minimize barriers to internal trade in agriculture, manufactured products and services. One of the significant calls by the 2001 Doha declaration was the â€Å"reduction, in view to phase out, all forms of export subsidies†. This call was renewed again in 2004 during the negotiation for the â€Å"Framework for Establishing Modalities in Agriculture†.